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DIG(1) BSD Reference Manual DIG(1)
NNAAMMEE
ddiigg - send domain name query packets to name servers
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
ddiigg [@@_s_e_r_v_e_r] _d_o_m_a_i_n [<_q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e>] [<_q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s>] [++<_q_u_e_r_y_-_o_p_t_i_o_n>]
[--<_d_i_g_-_o_p_t_i_o_n>] [_%_c_o_m_m_e_n_t]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
DDiigg (domain information groper) is a flexible command line tool which can
be used to gather information from the Domain Name System servers. DDiigg
has two modes: simple interactive mode for a single query, and batch mode
which executes a query for each in a list of several query lines. All
query options are accessible from the command line.
The usual simple use of ddiigg will take the form:
ddiigg @@_s_e_r_v_e_r _d_o_m_a_i_n _q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s
where:
_s_e_r_v_e_r may be either a domain name or a dot-notation Internet ad-
dress. If this optional field is omitted, ddiigg will attempt to
use the default name server for your machine.
_N_o_t_e_: If a domain name is specified, this will be resolved
using the domain name system resolver (i.e., BIND). If your
system does not support DNS, you may _h_a_v_e to specify a dot-
notation address. Alternatively, if there is a server at
your disposal somewhere, all that is required is that
_/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f be present and indicate where the default
name servers reside, so that _s_e_r_v_e_r itself can be resolved.
See resolver(5) for information on _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f. WWAARRNNIINNGG::
Changing _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f will affect both the standard re-
solver library and (potentially) several programs which use
it. As an option, the user may set the environment variable
LOCALRES to name a file which is to be used instead of
_/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f standard resolver (LOCALRESis specific to
the ddiigg resolver and is not referenced by the). If the
LOCALRES variable is not set or the specified file is not
readable, then _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f will be used.
_d_o_m_a_i_n is the domain name for which you are requesting information.
See the --xx option (documented in the _O_T_H_E_R _O_P_T_I_O_N_S subsection
of this section) for convenient way to specify inverse ad-
dress query.
_q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e is the type of information (DNS query type) that you are re-
questing. If omitted, the default is ``_a'' (T_A = _a_d_d_r_e_s_s).
The following types are recognized:
_a T_A network address
_a_n_y T_ANY all/any information about specified domain
_m_x T_MX mail exchanger for the domain
_n_s T_NS name servers
_s_o_a T_SOA zone of authority record
_h_i_n_f_o T_HINFO host information
_a_x_f_r T_AXFR zone transfer (must ask an authoritative
server)
_t_x_t T_TXT arbitrary number of strings
(See RFC 1035 for the complete list.)
_q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s
is the network class requested in the query. If omitted, the
default is ``_i_n'' (C_IN = _I_n_t_e_r_n_e_t). The following classes
are recognized:
_i_n C_IN Internet class domain
_a_n_y C_ANY all/any class information
(See RFC 1035 for the complete list.)
_N_o_t_e_: ``_A_n_y'' can be used to specify a _c_l_a_s_s and/or a _t_y_p_e of
query. DDiigg will parse the first occurrence of ``_a_n_y'' to
mean _q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e _= T_ANY. To specify _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s _= C_ANY, you
must either specify ``any'' twice, or set _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s using
the --cc option (see below).
OOTTHHEERR OOPPTTIIOONNSS
%_i_g_n_o_r_e_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t
``%'' is used to included an argument that is simply not
parsed. This may be useful if running ddiigg in batch mode.
Instead of resolving every _@_s_e_r_v_e_r_-_d_o_m_a_i_n_-_n_a_m_e in a list of
queries, you can avoid the overhead of doing so, and still
have the domain name on the command line as a reference. Ex-
ample:
ddiigg @@112288..99..00..3322 %%vveenneerraa..iissii..eedduu mmxx iissii..eedduu
--<_d_i_g _o_p_t_i_o_n>
``--'' is used to specify an option which affects the opera-
tion of ddiigg. The following options are currently available
(although not guaranteed to be useful):
--xx _d_o_t_-_n_o_t_a_t_i_o_n_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s
Convenient form to specify inverse address map-
ping. Instead of ``ddiigg 3322..00..99..112288..iinn--
aaddddrr..aarrppaa'', one can simply ``ddiigg --xx
112288..99..00..3322''.
--ff _f_i_l_e File for ddiigg batch mode. The file contains a list
of query specifications ( ddiigg command lines)
which are to be executed successively. Lines be-
ginning with `;', `#', or `\n' are ignored. Oth-
er options may still appear on command line, and
will be in effect for each batch query.
--TT _t_i_m_e Time in seconds between start of successive
queries when running in batch mode. Can be used
to keep two or more batch ddiigg commands running
roughly in sync. Default is zero.
--pp _p_o_r_t Port number. Query a name server listening to a
non-standard port number. Default is 53.
--PP[_p_i_n_g_-_s_t_r_i_n_g]
After query returns, execute a ping(8) command
for response time comparison. This rather unele-
gantly makes a call to the shell. The last three
lines of statistics is printed for the command:
ppiinngg --ss --sseerrvveerr__nnaammee --5566 --33
If the optional ``_p_i_n_g___s_t_r_i_n_g'' is present, it
replaces ``ppiinngg --ss'' in the shell command.
--tt _q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e
Specify type of query. May specify either an in-
teger value to be included in the type field or
use the abbreviated mnemonic as discussed above
(i.e., _m_x _= T_MX).
--cc _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s
Specify class of query. May specify either an in-
teger value to be included in the class field or
use the abbreviated mnemonic as discussed above
(i.e., in = C_IN).
--eennvvssaavv This flag specifies that the ddiigg environment (de-
faults, print options, etc.), after all of the
arguments are parsed, should be saved to a file
to become the default environment. This is use-
ful if you do not like the standard set of de-
faults and do not desire to include a large num-
ber of options each time ddiigg is used. The envi-
ronment consists of resolver state variable
flags, timeout, and retries as well as the flags
detailing ddiigg output (see below). If the shell
environment variable LOCALDEF is set to the name
of a file, this is where the default ddiigg environ-
ment is saved. If not, the file ``_D_i_G_._e_n_v'' is
created in the current working directory.
_N_o_t_e_: LOCALDEF is specific to the ddiigg resolver,
and will not affect operation of the standard re-
solver library.
Each time ddiigg is executed, it looks for
``_._/_D_i_G_._e_n_v'' or the file specified by the shell
environment variable LOCALDEF. If such file ex-
ists and is readable, then the environment is re-
stored from this file before any arguments are
parsed.
--eennvvsseett This flag only affects batch query runs. When
``--eennvvsseett'' is specified on a line in a ddiigg batch
file, the ddiigg environment after the arguments are
parsed becomes the default environment for the
duration of the batch file, or until the next
line which specifies ``--eennvvsseett''.
--[nnoo] ssttiicckk
This flag only affects batch query runs. It
specifies that the ddiigg environment (as read ini-
tially or set by ``--eennvvsseett'' switch) is to be re-
stored before each query (line) in a ddiigg batch
file. The default ``--nnoossttiicckk'' means that the
ddiigg environment does not stick, hence options
specified on a single line in a ddiigg batch file
will remain in effect for subsequent lines (i.e.
they are not restored to the ``sticky'' default).
++<_q_u_e_r_y_-_o_p_t_i_o_n>
``+'' is used to specify an option to be changed in the query
packet or to change ddiigg output specifics. Many of these are
the same parameters accepted by nslookup(8). If an option
requires a parameter, the form is as follows:
++ _k_e_y_w_o_r_d [=_v_a_l_u_e]
Most keywords can be abbreviated. Parsing of the ``+'' op-
tions is very simplistic -- a value must not be separated
from its keyword by white space. The following keywords are
currently available:
Keyword Abbrev. Meaning [default]
[nnoo] ddeebbuugg (ddeebb) turn on/off debugging mode [ddeebb]
[nnoo] dd22 turn on/off extra debugging mode
[nnoodd22]
[nnoo] rreeccuurrssee (rreecc) use/don't use recursive lookup [rreecc]
rreettrryy==_# (rreett) set number of retries to # [4]
ttiimmee==_# (ttii) set timeout length to # seconds [4]
[nnoo] kkoo keep open option (implies vc) [nnookkoo]
[nnoo] vvcc use/don't use virtual circuit [nnoovvcc]
[nnoo] ddeeffnnaammee (ddeeff) use/don't use default domain name
[ddeeff]
[nnoo] sseeaarrcchh (sseeaa) use/don't use domain search list
[sseeaa]
ddoommaaiinn==_N_A_M_E (ddoo) set default domain name to _N_A_M_E
[nnoo] iiggnnoorree (ii) ignore/don't ignore trunc. errors
[nnooii]
[nnoo] pprriimmaarryy (pprr) use/don't use primary server [nnoopprr]
[nnoo] aaaaoonnllyy (aaaa) authoritative query only flag [nnooaaaa]
[nnoo] ccmmdd echo parsed arguments [ccmmdd]
[nnoo] ssttaattss (sstt) print query statistics [sstt]
[nnoo] HHeeaaddeerr (HH) print basic header [HH]
[nnoo] hheeaaddeerr (hhee) print header flags [hhee]
[nnoo] ttttlliidd (tttt) print TTLs [tttt]
[nnoo] ccll print class info [nnooccll]
[nnoo] qqrr print outgoing query [nnooqqrr]
[nnoo] rreeppllyy (rreepp) print reply [rreepp]
[nnoo] qquueess (qquu) print question section [qquu]
[nnoo] aannsswweerr (aann) print answer section [aann]
[nnoo] aauutthhoorr (aauu) print authoritative section [aauu]
[nnoo] aaddddiitt (aadd) print additional section [aadd]
ppffddeeff set to default print flags
ppffmmiinn set to minimal default print flags
ppffsseett==_# set print flags to # (# can be
hex/octal/decimal)
ppffaanndd==_# bitwise and print flags with #
ppffoorr==_# bitwise or print flags with #
The rreettrryy and ttiimmee options affect the retransmission strategy
used by the resolver library when sending datagram queries.
The algorithm is as follows:
for i = 0 to retry - 1
for j = 1 to num_servers
send_query
wait((time * (2**i)) / num_servers)
end
end
(Note: ddiigg always uses a value of 1 for ``num_servers''.)
DDEETTAAIILLSS
DDiigg once required a slightly modified version of the BIND resolver(3) li-
brary. As of BIND 4.9, BIND's resolver has been augmented to work prop-
erly with ddiigg. Essentially, ddiigg is a straight-forward (albeit not pretty)
effort of parsing arguments and setting appropriate parameters. DDiigg uses
resolver(3) routines rreess__iinniitt(), rreess__mmkkqquueerryy(), rreess__sseenndd() as well as ac-
cessing the ___r_e_s structure.
EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
LOCALRES file to use in place of Pa /etc/resolv.conf
LOCALDEF default environment file
See also the explanation of the --eennvvssaavv, --eennvvsseett, and --[nnoo] ssttiicckk op-
tions, above.
FFIILLEESS
/etc/resolv.conf
initial domain name and name server addresses
./DiG.env default save file for default options
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
named(8), resolver(3), resolver(5), nslookup(8).
SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS
RFC 1035.
AAUUTTHHOORR
Steve Hotz hotz@isi.edu
AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGMMEENNTTSS
DDiigg uses functions from nslookup(8) authored by Andrew Cherenson.
BBUUGGSS
DDiigg has a serious case of "creeping featurism" -- the result of consider-
ing several potential uses during it's development. It would probably
benefit from a rigorous diet. Similarly, the print flags and granularity
of the items they specify make evident their rather ad hoc genesis.
DDiigg does not consistently exit nicely (with appropriate status) when a
problem occurs somewhere in the resolver (NNOOTTEE::most of the common exit
cases are handled). This is particularly annoying when running in batch
mode. If it exits abnormally (and is not caught), the entire batch
aborts; when such an event is trapped, ddiigg simply continues with the next
query.
4th Berkeley Distribution August 30, 1990 5
